![]() While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward while becoming an important fact-checking site. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, particularly gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South ( Eurocentrism). Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. Roughly 26% of Wikipedia's traffic is from the United States, followed by Japan at 5.9%, the United Kingdom at 5.4%, Germany at 5%, Russia at 4.8%, and the remaining 54% split among other countries, according to data provided by Similarweb. Wikipedia's editions, when combined, comprise more than 62 million articles, attracting around 2 billion unique device visits per month and more than 14 million edits per month (about 5.2 edits per second on average) as of November 2023. Initially only available in English, editions in other languages have been developed. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization that employs a staff of over 700 people. It is consistently ranked as one of the ten most popular websites in the world, and as of 2024 is ranked the fifth most visited website on the Internet by Semrush, and second by Ahrefs. ![]() Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. Wikipedia is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the use of the wiki-based editing system MediaWiki. Here if you want to use HMA VPN for Windows PC in your Windows PC than you to download HMA VPN for Windows PC or either you can leave this software here.Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL media licensing varies If you are satisfied from above information than you will able to make a decision about using this software in your Windows PC or not. Now my duty is over because I discuss maximum every point related to this software above. Hope the information provided above about the software is sufficient to make decision. So that's all about HMA VPN for Windows PC which you have to know before using this software in your Windows PC. ![]() By using this section you will also able to checkout the questions and answers on HMA VPN for Windows. If you have any question about the software than you can also use this section to ask questions. ![]() So explore this section in case of adding a review or reading reviews on this software. This section is for adding a review on this software and also you can read all the published reviews on HMA VPN for Windows. So if you need screenshots of this software for Windows PC than you can checked it out. This section of HMA VPN for Windows will include all the screenshots of HMA VPN for Windows. These sections will also help you to get more information about HMA VPN for Windows PC. If you want to explore more about HMA VPN for Windows PC than you can explore any of the section below about this software. So in case if you are looking for a VPN software for your Windows PC than this app can become a good choice for you. But it's still increasing day by day and in future it can increase more. The total downloads and total views is not stopped here. Some of the all time data of HMA VPN for Windows which can help you to understand the popularty of this app is that this app got total 85 downloads and total 1601 views from users. After publishing this app on Filerox it start getting views or downloads from user. HMA VPN for Windows is a software which is published on Filerox on 2 September, 2023 and last updated on 28 November, 2023. So in case if you are looking for a solution or any app in VPN than in that case HMA VPN for Windows can help you a lot. It can help you in Surf the web securely and anonymously. In this article I will going to provide some of the basic details about HMA VPN for Windows which you need to know if you are about to use this app. You can also explore other software's available on Filerox in VPN category. This app is one of the most popular app among it's users due to certain reasons. HMA VPN for Windows is a program for Windows which fall in VPN category and developed by Hidemyass.
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![]() Overall, the different stages of the writing process that we listed (planning, organizing, writing, editing, revising) help reduce the stress of writing and give students a better perspective on how writing is a process and not something that happens overnight.The overwhelming quantity of data that the internet has made available at our fingertips has had an interesting effect on the way we internalize information. ![]() These steps can also be used with different grade levels, the teacher would just modify the steps to suit the students’ writing abilities. After presenting our infographic to the class and weighing in on discussions with our classmates about other articles that addressed the writing process, we truly believe in taking these steps in writing and using them as a helpful reference. The steps that we came up with are a combination of stages from readings in our class and from a book that we used in one of our Education courses. The steps in our infographic can be done in different orders depending on the person, and are simply just the bones of writing. In our infographic, we break down steps that can be used to teach writing in a less intimidating way and focus more on writing as a process than a product. Currently and in the past, most teachers seem to teach writing as a product to be turned in for a grade, increasing student’s anxiety with writing. ![]() Here’s how they went about creating their infographic:Īs future Secondary Education teachers, Hannah and I wanted to focus on teaching writing and how current models should be updated and more flexible. Francis Writer’s Conference, they explored strategies for adapting process pedagogy for younger writers. In their research, which they also presented at the 2018 St. Sounds wonderful, but how do we make it happen? Especially when we teach younger writers who have less experience developing their ideas in language? Two student groups in our class explored the writing process in their infographics, with one group, Hannah Karkos and Carolyn Lekousis aiming to teach middle- and high-school teachers how to teach the writing process. The process of writing is one of “discovery through language,” and the writing classroom can become a space where teachers and students can share in “the continual excitement of choosing one word instead of another, of searching for the one true word.” Instead of performing smartness for an all-knowing teacher who decides, with the flick of her red pen, whether a student’s writing is good and correct or bad and wrong, students can work through their ideas, develop deeper thinking about their topic, and express what they believe to their readers. Rather than see an essay as a single-step product in which they pour all their ideas, in order, onto the page, students can give themselves the time and space to develop ideas through brainstorming, drafting, and revising. This idea can totally reorchestrate students’ relationship to writing. One thing that is especially useful for writers at any level? The notion that writing is a process, not a product. So we took up the task of adapting and translating research on the writing process for younger students–keep freewriting toss most of the greek terms. So much of the research in composition studies emerges from and addresses the college classroom. One thing we quickly noticed was the relative gap in information about writing pedagogy for middle- and high-school students. Working with the future teachers in our class would, as the cliche goes, allow me to learn as much from my students as they learned from me. Although I myself have taught a smidgen of high school English, my training and experience have been almost entirely focused on the college classroom. A number of the students are majoring in Education with an English Language Arts concentration, planning to be teachers. ![]() When I designed an infographic assignment for students in my “Teaching Composition” class last semester, I hoped it would be directly applicable to the careers of the students in the course. This post is the third in a series about our class project in “Teaching Composition.” Read Part One and Part Two. ![]() ![]() I hope that this gallery poses tutorial was helpful and as usual, if you have any questions, comment below. If you happen to put them in the wrong order (like I do all the time□), save the household and then re-merge the household in, deleting sims to eventually get them in the right order. If you find yourself having to click on randomize portrait a trillion times to get the PERFECT custom gallery pose, the no mirroring mod helps with that!Īnd one last little tip, that may come in handy!Īs I already mentioned, group gallery poses require that sims are created in a certain order. ![]() Keep a folder on your desktop for your extra gallery poses, so you can easily switch them in and out of your mods folder.Only have one pose pack of each type for each category in your mods folder at a time.Poses for a sim’s individual portrait are called secondary poses.Poses for the main household portrait are called primary poses.So here are a few things you need to know about sims 4 gallery poses: Here’s a secondary gallery pose for a toddler sim Strike a pose, darling This article is part of a directory: The Sims 4: Complete Guide. And it’s easiest if the background is all one color. I do this because I’m typically cutting the background out of all my photos using Canva. (For even more adorable sims 4 couple poses, click HERE!)įirst, I like to place one of the backdrops that came with The Sims 4 Moschino Stuff. So, not only am I going to show you how to use in-game poses, but I’m going to show you how to get sims to pose together in sims 4 by using the Random Couple Poses pack by whatasimmer. Now that we have that stuff out of the way, we can finally start using poses. I have an entire list of the 21+ Best Sims 4 ReShade Presets for Mind-Blowing Graphics to give you plenty of options to choose from! This makes the color and graphics of your game look INCREDIBLE therefore making your screenshots look even better and requiring less photo editing. I also REALLY recommend downloading a sims 4 ReShade preset. Once you click on one of the poses, then that will be added to your sim’s queue to do that pose until the action is canceled. This is where all your in-game poses will be listed. If you share those creations publicly, tag me (on tumblr)! But don’t put them behind a paywall or ad links of any kind.The Pose Player Mod creates a new menu in your game. TOU: The poses can be used as a base to create your own poses or for posing deco sims. If you’re unfamiliar with the process, check out this tutorial (but ignore the exporting part as you already have the needed. blend files so you can use the poses for other traits. In case you are already using other poses for those traits (you can have only one per trait!), I have included the all-in-one. Also, I got lazy and didn’t rename the poses so I let the names stay as the name for my characters, but don’t worry, I have the thumbnails for each of the. I recommend using the base game 3 seater chair for this one and put 14 teleporters in the middle of the seat. ![]() CAS poses v2 are for Loves Outdoors, Snob, and Proper traits Anyways, this pose pack has one pose for 9 adults, 4 children, and 1 toddler. CAS poses v1 are for Clumsy, Neat, and Child of the Islands traits A sampling of 30 Renaissance and Baroque Portraits from various artists set in one of my custom frames. In-game poses come in two separate posepacks: 8 poses + all-in-one A sampling of 30 Renaissance and Baroque Portraits from various artists set in one of my custom frames. Two versions: one for sims more or less the same size as the default pose rig (version 1 on the right in preview pictures), and another for bigger sims (or those with thicker layer of clothes) (version 2). More poses for lookbooks, CC previews, portraits etc. ![]() If you were just interested in a topic or time period they could also steer you in the right direction. If you had a specific item you were looking for they could always help. The show is very well named because literally everything old and paper was represented.Īs you may expect in a professional show like this, the dealers had their specialties and knew their stock. Rare and valuable first edition books alongside travel brochures, sports cards and comics. Vintage fashion magazines and pulp fiction novels. Historical images of Toronto, Canada and the world. Then there were the art prints and large format photographs ready for framing. These were often organized by topic but once you started it was easy to keep flipping through. What I didn’t realize was just how many individual items were crammed into every square inch of space! Vintage advertisements, postcards and magazines filled file boxes. When we first entered I didn’t think it would take too long to see all the booths but we ended up staying for almost three hours. If you’re more of a curious looky-loo, you might find it easier to browse a little later when the crowd dies down. One seller told me the serious collectors wait outside to enter as soon as the doors open. If there is something in particular you are looking for, you should get there early. We arrived about a half hour after the show opened at 10am, and the room was packed. Tall ceilings and bright windows flood the space with light. The show is set up in a long hallway in the Wychwood Barns building (originally a streetcar repair barn from the 1910s). It takes place twice a year (March and November) in an interesting part of the city along St. Billed as Toronto’s biggest one day “vintage print-fest”, this show is dedicated exclusively to books, postcards, posters, photographs and all types of old ephemera. On Sunday, March 29th I had the pleasure of attending The Old Book & Paper Show. Over the years I’ve been tempted to buy larger items like jack-o-lanterns but I haven’t made the jump yet. Being able to store decorations in envelopes is perfect for small living spaces. One thing I love about collecting paper ephemera is the easy storage. Rare designs are highly sought after and prized by collectors. Because of their temporary nature, antique and vintage paper decorations are hard to find in good condition. ![]() ![]() They are inexpensive to buy and consequently stored without much care. They’re dated 1986 and I’m pretty sure I had the exact same ones in my grade school classrooms! Does anyone else remember that flaming skull?īeistle and other types of paper decorations are considered “ephemera” meaning they’re produced to be used for only a short time and then thrown out. I found these large cutouts at one of those pop up Halloween stores a few years ago. New stock is available from the company every year, and sometimes older stock gets mixed in with new designs. You don’t even have to buy reproductions to get Beistle products however. I just prop them up on a book shelf and they make a lovely nostalgic display. Each cutout is about 9 inches long and on heavy card stock. I bought a set of these 1950s cat themed cutouts:Īren’t they great? Is the witch really small or is the cat really big? I love the mix of fun and fantasy in these old designs. On their website you can buy reproductions of some of their best early images. Their older designs are mostly 3 dimensional “fan” decor, garland, and flat (sometimes jointed) illustrations. They’ve been producing seasonal decorations since 1900. Beistle is the oldest and largest manufacturer of decorations and party goods in the United States. Last year I happily discovered the Vintage Beistle Halloween website. Iconic images of black cats, pumpkins, owls and witches really speak to me during this season. It may come as no surprise that I have a soft spot for vintage Halloween decorations. The carving pumpkins and handing out candy part. Not so much the gross stuff but the spooky, kooky fun part. ![]() “ This is the direct outcome of the MBTA’s lack of value for brown and black communities. Along with announcing the shutdowns, the MBTA also signed a $37 million contract with A Yankee Line, a Boston bus company, to run 200 vehicles tasked with ferrying commuters along the Orange Line.Īt the Forest Hills station in Jamaica Plain, Cheryl Daniel, a graduate student at Northeastern University, believes that the Orange Line shutdown is the result of the MBTA’s negligence, and will leave thousands of people of color in limbo. Last week, State Highway Administrator for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Jonathan Gulliver said the shutdown would “have substantial regional travel impacts beyond just transit users,” based on traffic modeling. The shutdowns portend “severe” congestion on Greater Boston roadways as riders who rely on the MBTA seek alternative transportation. She adds, “COVID was already brutal for businesses, and while tourists will end up seeing this place on Yelp, the shutdowns will prevent the community from discovering hometown gems.” She says, “This place is the closest you’re going to get to authentic Genoa cannolis in Boston,” about Caffé Vittoria, a rustic mainstay that opened in the North End in 1929, which also functions as an encomium to Boston’s rich Italian-American history. In the North End, Tory Ano, a local guide, is skeptical of how long the shutdowns will last and expects the construction to last longer than 30 days. “We are coffee fanatics, and we are passionate about hospitality,” she continues, “the local community counts on us, just as we do on them.” Caffe Vittoria in North End, known for its cannolis and Lavazza coffee. It’s too soon to say, but I definitely expect the shutdowns to commuters from stopping by for coffee,” says Ramos, who has worked at the store since 2019. ![]() “When the schools are out, we still get the corporate crowd. The coffee shop opened in 2015, closing for less than three months during COVID lockdowns in 2020––but began to see an influx of students and working professionals shortly after. The proliferation of franchises in Boston already posed a challenge to local businesses - but now, the shutdowns pose an additional threat to standalone retailers.Īna Ramos, a manager at Tradesman Coffeeshop located in Northeastern University’s Financial District Campus, notes that even though it is still early for a substantial change, the shop is uncharacteristically quiet for a Monday morning. If the two-fold blow of COVID-related financial strains and rising supply costs due to inflation wasn’t enough, local businesses, particularly smaller, non-brand name stores, brace for dwindling footfall due to the lack of commuters in the area. MBTA General Manager Steve Poftak said via press release that the decision to shut down the Orange Line - which was prompted by a Federal Transit Administration safety inspection and followed numerous train derailments, injuries, a train fire, a passenger death, and collisions - was not taken lightly. Additionally, Green Line service is suspended between Government Center and Union Square through September 18. Planned projects include track repairs to circumvent slowdowns, upgrade signs, and renew infrastructure at several stations as part of a 30-day revitalization and safety work plan. ![]() With an average of 101,000 commuters depending on the Orange Line every day from Malden to Jamaica Plain, riders and neighboring businesses brace for a “transportation emergency’ starting this week. ![]() On August 5, the MBTA announced shutdowns of the Orange and Green Lines serving the communities of Malden, Medford, Somerville, and Boston, in efforts to upgrade the 120-year-old rapid line. To reactivate your Office applications, reconnect to the Internet. Our Microsoft Excel online training courses from LinkedIn Learning (formerly ) provide you with the skills you need, from the fundamentals to advanced tips. If you don’t connect to the Internet at least every 31 days, your applications will go into reduced functionality mode, which means that you can view or print your documents but cannot edit the documents or create new ones. You should also connect to the Internet regularly to keep your version of Office up to date and benefit from automatic upgrades. Internet access is also required to access documents stored on OneDrive, unless you install the OneDrive desktop app. For Microsoft 365 plans, internet access is also needed to manage your subscription account, for example to install Office on other PCs or to change billing options. However, Internet access is required to install and activate all the latest releases of Office suites and all Microsoft 365 subscription plans. How to Build an Excellent Stripe Integration with Node.You don’t need to be connected to the Internet to use Office applications, such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, because the applications are fully installed on your computer.How to Create Auto-Updating Excel Spreadsheets of Stock Market Data with Python, AWS, and IEX Cloud.How to Remove Duplicates in Excel – Delete Duplicate Rows with a Few Clicks.Excel VBA Tutorial – How to Write Code in a Spreadsheet Using Visual Basic.How to create, read, update and search through Excel files using Python.VLOOKUP Example – How to Do VLOOKUP in ExcelĪnd here are some Excel programming tutorials, if you want to combine Python and other programming languages with spreadsheets to automate even more of your work.Auto-Numbering in Excel – How to Number Cells Automatically.AutoSum Excel – How to Add Numbers with the Sum Formula.Word Count in Excel – How to Check the Number of Words.These answer some of the most widely-asked questions about Excel. Free Excel Courses and TutorialsĪnd here are a lot of other free Excel courses and tutorials you can use to master Excel. □ Learn Microsoft Excel - Full 3-hour Video Course on YouTube. Here is the free full-length Microsoft Excel course: Menu-to-Ribbon Interactive GuidesAccess2010Guide.exe. Make the Switch Training CoursesTraining Presentation - Getting started with Project 2010.pptx. Menu-to-Ribbon Interactive GuidesVisio2010Guide.exe. While learning Excel, you will create the following six projects: Getting Started VideosGettingStaredwithExcel2010.wmv. Up to 6 TB cloud storage, 1 TB (1000 GB) per person. Dictation, voice commands, and transcription. Discover how industry professionals leverage Microsoft 365 to communicate, collaborate, and improve productivity across the team and organization. Premium templates, fonts, icons, and stickers with thousands of options to choose from. Learn how to get more work done, from anywhere on any device with Microsoft 365 and Windows 10. Advanced spelling and grammar, in-app learning tips, use in 20+ languages, and more. Throughout this courseware title, trademark names are used. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 Foundation Courseware Written by John Laska Published by Velsoft training Materials, Inc. ![]()
"Just Shapes & Beats (The Lost Chapter Update) - Full Game Walkthrough Playthrough Gameplay movie and Ending with all cutscenes (Rhythm game) in 1080p60 HD with max settings.ġ. Just Shapes & Beats The Lost Chapter Update Final Boss & Ending Save Cancel Since launch back in 2018, Berzerk Studios musical bullet hell Just Shapes & Beats has received a couple of free updates including a hardcore mode and remixes featuring indie game stalwart Shove. Just Shapes & Beats The Lost Chapter Update Ending & Final Boss Fight ![]() Just Shapes & Beats The Lost Chapter Update Ending Gameplay Just Shapes & Beats The Lost Chapter Update Gamer Jayvee ![]() Just Shapes & Beats The Lost Chapter Update Full Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 Just Shapes & Beats Gamer Jayvee Gameplay Tags: #GamerJayvee #JustShapesandBeats #JSAB #Walkthrough #Gameplay #BerzerkerStudio #Rhythmgame #LostChapterUpdate Some FNaF fan games that I DON'T WANT TO PLAY:ġ.) Those Weeks at Frebear's Family Diner Series (doing all max) The level of the party can be upgraded by completing special challenges being displayed on the ribbon in the top left corner after beating the main part of the Story Mode. ★ Upcoming video game Walkthroughs that I will play on my channel in the future ★ġ) Slender: The Arrival (still in progress)Ģ) Spongebob Squarepants: Battle For Bikini Bottom Rehydratedĩ.) Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered The Main Menu Party is happening at the main menu screen where the logo of the game is being displayed with the four main player shapes dancing on the bottom. Thanks for watching please gave me a like it helps me a lot and don't forget to leave a like and subscribe to my channel. Play alone or with up to four players, local or online, through the game’s Story Mode or Challenge Runs. Update 1.6.42, released on, is a launch update for Xbox. It was released on 23 July 2021 for Steam, PlayStation 4/5, Nintendo Switch and Google Stadia. It’s a new spin on the SHMUP genre, adding a layer of cooperation that’s at the core of the game: because everything is better with friends. Update 1.6, also known as The Lost Chapter, is the seventh update overall and the sixth major update to Just Shapes & Beats. ![]() "Just Shapes & Beats" is a chaotic co-op musical bullet-hell based on three simple things: avoid Shapes, move to the kick-ass Beats, and die, repeatedly. Video settings used in game: 1920x1080, 1080p, and Ultra Settings.įollow me on Gamejolt: out the game on Steam, buy it for $22.79: Storage: 256GB Nvme M.2 SSD + 1TB, 400RPM SSHD Just Shapes & Beats (The Lost Chapter Update) - Full Game Walkthrough Playthrough Gameplay movie and Ending with all cutscenes (Rhythm game) in 1080p60 HD with max settings. ![]() To the next cycle of ten overtricks - that is if they reached twenty A side which (over several deals) accumulates ten or more bags hasġ00 points deducted from its score. Sandbagging rule: Overtricks are colloquially known asīags. ScoringĪ side that takes at least as many tricks as its bid calls for receives a Playing the first spade is known as "breaking" spades.Ī Boston is when one team gets all 13 tricks in a round. Leader has nothing but spades left in hand. Player has played a spade (on the lead of another suit, of course), or the Is played, the trick is won by the highest card of the suit led. Unable to follow suit, the player may play any card.Ī trick containing a spade is won by the highest spade played if no spade Each player, in turn, clockwise, must follow suit if able if The player to dealer's left leads any card except a spade to the first If you don't want to go for the Nil bonus or penalty you must bid at It is not possible to bid no tricks without bidding a Partnership also has the objective of winning the number of tricks bid by There is anĮxtra bonus for this if it succeeds and a penalty if it fails. Player who bid Nil will not win any tricks during the play. Least 5 tricks (4+1), East and West try to win at least 7 (4+3).Ī bid of 0 tricks is known as Nil. The objective of North and South is to win at There is no second round of bidding - bids once made cannot be altered.Įxample: South deals West bids 3 North bids 1 Įast bids 4 South bids 4. Unlike other games with bidding, there is no requirement for eachīid to be higher than the last one, and players are not allowed to pass. With the player to dealer's left and continues clockwise around the table.Įveryone must bid a number, and in theory any number from 0 to 13 isĪllowed. Team must try to win in order to get a positive score. The bids of the two partners, and the total is the number of tricks that In Spades, all four players bid a number of tricks. The cards are shuffled and then dealt singly, in clockwise orderīeginning with the player on dealer's left, until all 52 cards have been The first dealer is chosen at random, and the turn to deal rotatesĬlockwise. The four players are in fixed partnerships, with partners sitting oppositeĪ standard pack of 52 cards is used. (C) John McLeod, 2011 - reprinted with permission. I got them from John McLeod's, which has rules for pretty much all card games. ![]() Although you don’t need any special apps to use the Pomodoro Technique, an app can definitely come in handy. ![]() For others, the Pomodoro Technique can provide structure for an entire workday or a full afternoon of homework. If you’ve been procrastinating or just feeling stuck, setting that first 25-minute timer can be the impetus you need to get started. The Pomodoro Technique hinges on these breaks because they give you the energy you need to stay focused during your next stretch of work.įor some, the Pomodoro Technique is a tool to draw on for a project or assignment they’re struggling with. The breaks, both short and long, are your chance to stretch, grab a glass of water, or get a breath of fresh air. You’d be surprised at how much you can accomplish in just 25 minutes. Part of the beauty of this method is that the 25-minute time interval feels both manageable and significant. This means closing your inbox (unless you’re using your pomodoro time to chip away towards inbox zero), turning off any phone notifications, and resisting the urge to jump around to different tasks or other distractions. ![]() Stay laser focused during your pomodoros.To get the most out of the Pomodoro Technique, follow these two guiding principles: After three or four pomodoros, take a longer 15-20 minute break. After 25 minutes are up, take a 5 minute break. This block of time is referred to as a pomodoro. Whenever you have a productive task to work on, set a timer for 25 minutes of focused, heads-down time. Your regular phone timer will do the trick as well. Plenty of apps abound for this purpose we share our recommendations at the end of this piece. You don’t need a physical timer to do the Pomodoro Technique. You can use it for homework assignments, work projects, or even chores around the house – anything that requires your focused time and attention without distractions. The Pomodoro method is a great strategy for anyone who struggles with executive functioning skills, time management, attention difficulties, or procrastination. The maximum magnetic momentum of the ³P states is 2 and derives from the coupling of electron spin and orbital momentum in nine different combinatins (microstates) of which three have total momentum 0, three have total momentum 1 and three have total momentum 2. Most of chemistry teachers just know & teach the electronic configuration, and a SINGLE and WRONG Hund's rule, whereby a carbon atom has two paired electrons and a spin constantly equal to +½ + ½ = 1. I know this stuff is somewhat complicated, but this is a matter of facts, and you should prefer the facts to the hearsays, if you are interested to science. oxygen, #2s^2#2p^4#) the third Hund's rule applies conversely, thus the ground state will be the multiplet term with the maximum total spin. If the unfilled subshell has more than half of the maximum number of electrons (e.g. This rule says that in a multiplet if the partially filled orbitals are half-filled or less than that, (as in carbon which has two 2p electrons by a maximum occupation of six 2p electrons in the filled 2p subshell) the lowest energy state in a multiplet is the one with the minumum total spin, that is 0. There is also a third Hund's rule, that applies to carbon. But this is not the case of carbon, with only one triplet, which "wins" against the two singlets. This rule states that in these cases the ground state is the one with the highest total spin (electronic + orbital), that increases from S = 0, P =1, D=2, F = 3, G=4. The second Hund's rule applies to those states that have the same multiplicity. the one having more different values of electron spin (the superscript ³). ![]() Well, of the five states (a triple plus two singlets) ³P, ✝ and ¹S, of unionized carbon, belonging to the same electronic configuration 1s² 2s² 2p², one of the ³P states (they have very similar, but not equal energies) is the most stable (has the very lowest energy).Īmong the different states corresponding to the same most stable electronic configuration, the true ground state can be determined following the three Hund's rules.ġst Hund's rule of maximum molteplicity predicts that one of the three ³P states in the triplet should be the GROUND STATE because ³P corresponds to the state with the "highest multiplicity", i.e. One microstate corresponds to the ¹S singlet state in which the spin, the orbital and total magnetic momentum are zero. 5 microstates correspond to a so called "singlet" state ✝ in which the total electron spin is zero, whereas the total magnetic momentum is 2. We'll see that these three states in the triplet don't have exactly the same energy and only one is the * true ground state *. ![]() 9 microstates constitute the same state (and energy) called ³P, in which the total magnetic momentum can assume three different values (0, 1, 2). The two 2p electrons can be placed in 15 different combinations in the three available 2p orbitals ( #2p_x#, #2p_y#, #2p_z# corresponding to orbital magnetic momentum -1, 0, +1) and with electron spins up (↑ = +½) or down (↓ = -½). The most stable electronic configuration DOES NOT correspond to the ground state you are asking about (these are two completely different concepts), because there are usually several different states, with different energies, corresponding to the same electronic configuration, but ONLY ONE is the ground state, the one with the lowest energy.įor example, a simple six electron atom as the carbon atom has the most stable electronic configuration represented by 1s² 2s² 2p². In general, to that state correspond many different microstates having exactly the same energy, but different occupation and spin of the valence electrons in the partially filled orbitals. That value corresponds to the minimum energy that you should furnish to extract the less bounded electron from the atom, that is the first "ionization energy", and that energy is the same of the GROUND STATE. It can be experimentally recognized from the absorption spectra of the atomized element in the gas phase: there is a series of lines, in the spectrum, whose frequency reaches a maximum value. The ground state is the state that is occupied by the most part of the atoms of the same element at room temperature, because it is lower in energy. |
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